Xyoo tsis ntev los no, tib neeg tau paub ntau dua thiab paub txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm thaj chaw ib puag ncig, thiab paub tias kev txhim kho kev lag luam tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev ib puag ncig zoo, vim tias ib puag ncig ntuj yog cov khoom siv rau tib neeg kev ciaj sia thiab kev tsim tawm, thiab kev tiv thaiv thiab kev txhim kho ntawm ib puag ncig ntuj yog qhov tsim nyog ua ntej rau tib neeg kev ciaj sia thiab kev txhim kho.
Raws li kev tshawb fawb luam tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia kev tshawb fawb rau lub Peb Hlis 19, 2020, qhib lub hnab yas ntim khoom (xws li chocolate lub hnab yas thiab lub raj mis) hauv kev ua haujlwm txhua hnub tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom me me ntawm cov yas me me uas tsawg dua 5 hli ntev, hu ua micro plastics.
Tam sim no, cov kev tshawb fawb tseem tsis tau paub meej txog cov kev pheej hmoo thiab kev lom cov tshuaj lom uas lawv nqa mus li cas thiab lawv tau nqus los ntawm tib neeg li cas, thiab kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv yog xav tau rau tib neeg.
Los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb saum toj no, plastics txhua hnub tuaj yeem nqa micro plastics uas tuaj yeem tsim kev puas tsuaj rau kev noj qab haus huv. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev sib cav ntau txog plastics.
Niaj hnub no, peb yuav los tham txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov yas thiab microorganism, ib qho ntawm cov pa phem ib puag ncig, thiab sib tham txog yuav ua li cas siv microorganism los daws cov teeb meem ntawm cov pa phem yas. Nws cia siab tias daim ntawv no yuav ua rau muaj qee yam kev tshoov siab rau cov kev lag luam uas tsim nyog thiab cov kws tshaj lij kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thiab ceeb toom rau cov nyeem nyeem txog kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig kev tiv thaiv.
Qhov zoo thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov plastics
Xyoo 1950, nrog kev tshwm sim ntawm "yas hnub nyoog", kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis tau dhau los hloov ntau yam. Kev tsim cov roj av kev lag luam roj tau ua ntau lub plastics, los ntawm cov khoom siv rwb thaiv tsev mus rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab mus rau txheej txheej, txhua yam khoom siv tau hloov pauv. Niaj hnub no, plastics yog tseem yog qhov chaw ntawm txhua qhov ntawm txhua lub tsev.
Nws tsis yog tsuas yog architecture, nws yog tiag tiag yas nyob txhua qhov chaw. Yas tuaj yeem nrhiav tau hauv cov khaub ncaws peb hnav, cov tsev peb nyob hauv thiab cov tsheb uas peb tsav. Yas tseem tuaj yeem pom nyob hauv TV peb saib, khoos phis tawj peb siv thiab cov cuab yeej siv. Tib neeg siv cov khoom yas rau ntau qhov chaw kom ua rau lub neej yoojyim, nyab xeeb thiab nyiam.
Tab sis qhov tseeb, cov khoom siv raw ntawm plastics feem ntau yog los ntawm roj lossis ntuj tsim, uas yuav ua ntau yam teeb meem. Piv txwv, cov khoom siv roj muaj tsawg heev. Piv txwv, hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov roj tawm thiab ua kom zoo dua, nws yooj yim heev rau kev ua kom muaj kuab paug. Ntxiv rau tus qauv kev ua qias tuaj vim los ntawm kev tsuas thiab kho cov txheej txheem, muaj lub peev xwm loj rau kev nyob nyab xeeb hauv kev puas tsuaj xws li cov roj loj nchuav raws tus ntug dej hiav txwv xyoo 2010.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov pa tshuaj lom neeg tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov plastics. Ntau cov tshuaj phem yuav tsim nrog rau kev tsim cov yas, thiab tom qab ntawd yuav nkag mus rau thiab rhuav tshem peb cov kab ke hauv dej los ntawm dej, av thiab huab cua. Ntau yam ntawm cov kuab tshuaj no yog cov kuab paug ua paug organic, yog ib cov kuab lom tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.
Dab tsi ntxiv, plastics yog nyuaj rau degrade. Qee lub hnab yas thiab lub raj mis muaj peev xwm mus dhau ntau pua, txhiab, lossis ntau lab xyoo tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj, vim tias cov kab mob me me feem ntau tsis siv yas ua khoom noj, yog li lawv yuav tsis xau nws.
Txawm li cas los xij, qee cov kab mob tshiab uas nrhiav tau tam sim no yuav pab peb daws cov teeb meem no.
Cov kab mob tshiab pab cov yas ua paug
Polystyrene yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv uas siv cov yas pov tseg xws li lub khob siv pov tseg, cov tais diav, khoom ua si thiab ntim khoom. Tam sim no, kev tsim khoom thiab kev siv ntau cov tshuaj polystyrene hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam tau nce tshaj tawm, uas ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau ib puag ncig, thiab kev ua haujlwm qis ntawm kev siv khib nyiab ua rau cov teeb meem no tsis zoo.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm United Nations, kwv yees li 300 lab tons ntawm cov khoom pov tseg yas raug tsim tawm txhua xyoo hauv ntiaj teb, tsuas yog kwv yees li 10% ntawm kev rov ua haujlwm. Nws kwv yees tias Is Nrias teb noj ntau txog 16,5 lab tons ntawm yas ib xyoo. AIPMA kwv yees hais tias kev lag luam plastics ua khoom lag luam ntau txog 14 lab tons ntawm polystyrene, tag nrho cov no tsis xeb.
Tsis ntev los no, Tus Thawj Pwm Tsav Tebchaws Is Nrias teb tshaj tawm tias xyoo 2022, cov khoom lag luam yas pov tseg yuav siv tsis tau nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, uas suav txog ib feem tsib ntawm cov khoom lag luam yas niaj hnub, yog li cov phiaj xwm no yuav muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv Is Nrias teb.
Tsis ntev los no, txawm li cas los xij, Richa priyadarshini pab neeg los ntawm SHIV nadar University hauv Grand Noida, Uttar Pradesh, Is Nrias teb, nrhiav tau ob hom kab mob "cov khoom noj tau" los ntawm thaj chaw ntub dej hauv Grand Noida, uas tej zaum yuav muab lwm txoj hauv kev los daws cov teeb meem yas paug qias neeg.
Ob tus kab mob cais los ntawm pab pawg yog tus exiguobacterium strain dr11 thiab tus exiguobacterium undae strain dr14. Cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tau tias lawv muaj lub peev xwm los rhuav tshem polystyrene.
"Peb cov ntaub ntawv qhia qhov tseeb tias cov kab mob extremophile, exiguobacterium, tuaj yeem ua rau polystyrene thim rov qab thiab tuaj yeem siv txuas ntxiv los txo cov kuab paug ib puag ncig los ntawm plastics," priyadarshini tau hais.
"Ntub dej yog ib qho ntawm cov tsiaj muaj sia nyob ntau yam rau cov kab mob me me, tab sis lawv tsis tshua muaj neeg pom," priyadarshini tau hais. Yog li no, cov kab ke no yog qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws rau cais cov kab mob nrog cov kev siv biotechnological tshiab. "
Polystyrene muaj lub siab molecular phaus thiab ntev saw cov qauv polymer, thiab muaj qhov ua tau zoo los tiv thaiv kev ua tau zoo. Yog vim li cas lawv thiaj pheej nyob nrog ib puag ncig, raws li kev tshawb fawb luam tawm hauv phau ntawv journal RSC.
Pab neeg tau pom tias thaum ob tus kab mob cais tawm hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov yas (polystyrene), lawv tau siv nws los ua khoom siv roj carbon thiab siv nws los ua biofilms. Qhov no hloov lub cev lub zog ntawm polystyrene thiab pib lub ntuj kev ua kom tsis zoo. Tom qab ntawd, cov kab mob tuaj yeem rhuav tshem cov polymer saw los ntawm kev tso tawm hydrolase.
Tam sim no, pab pawg tau sim soj ntsuam xyuas cov txheej txheem hauv zom zaub mov ntawm cov leeg no txhawm rau siv rau hauv ib puag ncig bioremediation.
Rupamanjari Ghosh, tus lwm thawj coj ntawm tsev kawm ntawv SHIV nadar University tau hais tias "Thaum peb tab tom tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb fawb txog thaj chaw thaj chaw tsev kawm ntawv. Qhov no yog qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua kom lub ntuj puas ntawm cov yas thiab nqa tawm biodegradation. "
Priyadarshini tau hais ntxiv: "Peb tsuas yog tshawb nrhiav thaj chaw thaum xub thawj kom nkag siab cov kab mob hauv cov chaw no, tab sis thaum kawg cais cov kab mob ntau yam nrog kev siv tshwj xeeb."
Nws tau taw qhia tias nrog kev tshawb pom ntawm cov kab mob tshiab nrog biodegradability ntawm plastics, cov enzymes tshiab thiab cov kab mob metabolic kuj tseem yuav raug tshawb pom, uas yuav pab txhawb rau yav tom ntej bioremediation.
Cov kws tshawb nrhiav taw qhia tias ob tus kab mob tuaj yeem tsim cov tshuaj biofilms nyob rau sab hauv polystyrene. Biofilm yog kev sib sau ntawm cov kab mob hlwb, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib sau ua ke hauv zej zog, kom ua tiav cov xovtooj ntawm lub cev ua kom siab, uas ua rau cov tshuaj polymer qes ua kom lub luag haujlwm muaj zog.
Priyadarshini tau hais tias: "polystyrene tsis yooj yim rau thuam. Ua ntej biodegradation, qee hom kev pretreatment, xws li tshuaj, thermal thiab photooxidation, yog qhov yuav tsum tau."
Dr11 thiab dr14 tsis tuaj yeem tsuas yog tsim cov biofilm ntawm polystyrene tsis kho, tab sis kuj tseem ua rau cov plastics tsis kho.
Priyadarshini tseem hais ntxiv tias: "nyob rau xyoo tas los no, tib neeg kev vam khom rau cov khoom yas tau nce ntau, uas ua rau cov khoom yas ntau ntau nyob ib puag ncig thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau cov kab ke. Yog li ntawd, tib neeg xav tau cov hau kev txuas ntxiv ntawm cov yas hloov zuj zus. "
Ntxiv nrog rau kev sim ua kom txo cov plastics, muaj ntau tus neeg nrhiav cov ntaub ntawv tshiab uas tuaj yeem hloov cov plastics thiab ua rau lawv poob qis.
Ntawm sab laug rau xis: Anne Schauer Gimenez, Allison pieja thiab Molly Morse ntawm cov ntaub ntawv mango. Ib sab ntawm lawv yog lub biopolymer fermentation tank ntawm lub chaw lim dej ntxuav tsev nyob ze San Francisco Bay, uas muab cov kab mob nrog cov methane uas lawv xav tau los ua bioplastics. Yees duab qhov chaw: Chris Joyce / NPR
Biopolymer los hloov plastics
Silicon Valley pib xav tau sim rho cov yas los ntawm cov khaub ncaws thiab tom qab ntawd ntxiv lwm yam, cov khoom siv biodegradable uas hloov cov yas.
Polymer yog cov saw ntev cov roj ntsha tsim ntawm ntau yam haujlwm. Qhov no zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv feem ntau ntau ruaj thiab ywj. Yas yog polymer ua cov khoom siv roj av. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov xwm, biopolymers xws li cellulose hauv ntoo lossis ntuab kab lo lo ntxhuav poj niam nquag tshwm sim. Lawv txawv ntawm cov yas hauv qhov uas lawv tuaj yeem decomposed mus rau cov khoom ntuj tsim.
Molly Morse cia siab tias yuav ua cov biopolymer uas tuaj yeem hloov qee cov plastics. Nws khiav cov tuam txhab me me hu ua cov ntaub ntawv mango. Txiv nkhaus taw yog cov txiv ntoo uas nws nyiam tshaj plaws. Nws cia siab tias nws lub tuam txhab npe yuav txawv suab los ntawm lwm lub tuam txhab thev naus laus zis hauv thaj chaw Bay.
Morse hais tias "Peb tsis yog Silicon Valley kev pib, peb tab tom tsim cov tshuaj polymers ntawm lub chaw lim dej pov tseg, peb tsis yog cov neeg suav sau ntawv hauv chaw nres tsheb," Morse hais.
Yog li, nws ua li cas thiaj cog qoob loo rau hauv cov dej phwj tuaj tu?
Morse tau hais tias pib thaum nws tseem nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem pib. Nws tau mus rau hauv lub thoob dej yug ntses thiab dawm saum ib qho kev nthuav dav, qhov kev sim ntawm cov thoob khib nyiab yas ntab hauv dej hiav txwv.
Nws rov qab hais tias: "muaj ntses loj tshaj plaws zoo li tus qauv nrog lub plhaub nplaum, zoo ib yam li McDonalds ua npuas plastics. Kuv poob siab, ntshai kawg. Lub rooj nthuav qhia no tau hloov kuv lub neej. Kuv xav tias nws tsis zoo. Kuv xav hloov nws."
Yog li ntawd, Morse tau ua raws li nws txoj kev npau suav thiab tau txais nws daim Ph.D. nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig engineering los ntawm Stanford University. Hauv kev sib tham txog keeb kwm kev tshawb fawb hauv xyoo 2006, nws tau ntsib lwm tus kws lij choj hluas, Anne Schauer Gimenez. "Kuv tsis xav tias peb yuav pib tham txog yuav ua li cas txog qhov no kom txog thaum thaj tsam 4 teev sawv ntxov," Schauer - Gimenez tau hais tias
Cov txheej txheem yog siv cov kab mob los ua biopolymers.
Qee cov kab mob muaj peev xwm noj cov pa methane thiab ua rau lawv tus kheej biopolymers, tshwj xeeb yog koj pub rau lawv kom zoo, lawv yuav tsim thiab tsub ntau cov biopolymers. Morse piav tias "Yog tias peb muaj rog los ntawm kev noj mis nyuj khov lossis chocolate ntau dhau, ces cov rog hauv peb lub cev yuav tsim, thiab tib yam li cov kab mob no yuav muaj,"
Txhawm rau ua biopolymers, cov kab mob xav tau zaub mov ntau. Yog li ntawv cov txiv nkhaus taw ua rau thaj chaw ntawm cov chaw lim dej khib nyiab hu ua Silicon Valley cov dej huv hauv Redwood, California, ze San Francisco Bay. Lub tuam txhab tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov chaw haujlwm xws li National Science Foundation.
Kev cuam tshuam hauv cov dej phwj tuaj, lossis tsawg kawg cov pa methane roj los ntawm cov dej phwj tuaj, yog cov khoom noj kab mob. Cov nroj tsuag kho feem ntau hlawv cov pa methane lossis paug nws ncaj qha rau saum huab cua. Methane yog lub tsev ntsuab muaj zog, thaum nws tso tawm rau saum huab cua, nws yuav ua kom lub ntiaj teb sov. Cov txiv nkhaus taw ua rau nws noj rau cov kab mob.
Tus txheej txheem no tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv lub taub lim dej, uas nyob ib sab ntawm lub loj steel tank muaj dej phwj tuaj. Mango engineer Allison pieja pom tawm lawv qhov kev tsim: nws zoo li lub npias npias loj nrog lub raj hauv nws, zoo li poob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Nws tau hais tias "Qhov no yog qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb tshwm sim."
Allison pieja, kws tshuaj tua kab mob tawm tswv yim los ntawm Allison pieja hais tias "Peb pheej ntxiv cov tshuaj methane thiab oxygen rau lub fermenter thiab tso peb 'zais cia ntses' rau hauv lub npaws raws li txoj kev uas tus kab mob loj tuaj,"
"Cov ntses zais cia" yog cov tsim ntxiv los ntawm pab neeg los tuav cov txheej txheem no.
Nws thiaj li, thaum cov kab mob tau txhim kho, pab pawg tau qhib lub fermenter kom tau biopolymers. Lawv qhuav nws thiab muab nws hloov mus ua pob.
Txog tam sim no, lawv tau xa ze li ntawm 2000 phaus ntawm biopolymers rau cov tuam txhab txaus siab. Lawv lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ua lag luam yog textiles, txawm hais tias lawv hais tias biopolymers kuj tseem siv tau rau ntim.
Cov tshuab biopolymer no tuaj yeem siv los ua cov xim muaj xim zoo nkauj xov uas zoo nkaus li thiab zoo li "plastics" zoo li cov ntaub polyester. Nws cia siab tias qhov biopolymer no yuav raug rau hauv cov khaub ncaws los hloov cov plastics hauv cov ntaub.
Tes tsho ntawm cov khaub ncaws ua los ntawm biopolymer. Pab pawg Mango tab tom ua haujlwm nrog ntau lub tuam txhab txhawm rau sim qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lawv cov biopolymers rau ntawm textiles. Duab credit: Chris Joyce / NPR
Kev tsis zoo ntawm biopolymers
Schauer-Gimenez tau hais tias cov khaub ncaws zoo li no tuaj yeem ua rau tsis zoo, uas ua rau tib neeg ntshai: "Oh kuv gosh, koj npaj ua lub cev khaub ncaws nrog koj cov ntaub ntawv? Kuv mus rau hauv dej hiav txwv, nws yuav biodegrade kuv lub cev! 'Kuv hais tias,' Tsis yog, tsis yog, nws tsis zoo li ntawd. '"
Txhawm rau thuam, biopolymers xav tau qhov kub thiab txias thiab cov kab mob coj los zom rau lawv, thiab cov txheej txheem degradation yuav tsum muaj kev sib kis tsis tu ncua rau lub lim piam lossis hli. Morse lees paub tias nws yuav siv sijhawm ntev dua yog tias kev mob tsis tsim nyog, xws li hauv qhuav Arizona qhuav lossis dej hiav txwv av.
Qhov no yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm biopolymers, thiab qee qhov biodegradation tsis nrawm npaum li lawv tau cog lus tseg.
John Weinstein, tus kws qhia txog biology nyob hauv Tsev Kawm Qib Siab University of South Carolina, tau tso cov hnab ua cov pob kws polymer hauv cov hav iav thiab pom tias lawv ua qeeb qeeb dua li cov hnab yas. "Koj tsim cov khoom siv tshiab, tab sis nws rhuav tshem li cas? Kuv xav tsis thoob," nws hais ntawm bioplastics.
"Nws yog txhua yam hais txog ib puag ncig," Ramani Narayan, tus kws paub txog tshuaj lom neeg thiab bioplastics ntawm Michigan State University. "Lub sijhawm biodegradation ntev dua, cov khib nyiab ntev dua yuav muaj nyob. Lub sijhawm no, nws yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau ib puag ncig. Kev cuam tshuam, qhov no yog qee yam uas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas."
Mango Cov Khoom Siv Pab Pawg hais tias lawv cov khoom siv yog biopolymer nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm polyhydroxyalkanoate lossis PHA. Tsis zoo li feem ntau biopolymers, nws tsis xav tau rov ua dua tshiab. Hauv cov xwm txheej zoo, nws yuav npaj tau hauv ib hlis lossis ob hlis. Yuav tau biodegraded. Lawv cov khoom tam sim no tab tom kuaj tus kheej kom paub meej tias qhov no.
Morse lees paub tias tseem tshuav haujlwm ntau yuav tsum tau ua kom mob siab rau txoj hauv kev rau biopolymers. Nws tau hais kom cov neeg siv tsawg dua cov yas thiab siv cov khoom dua es tsis txhob muab pov tseg. Tab sis nws tab tom ua kom nws tus me nyuam npau suav-nrhiav pom ib yam zoo dua li cov yas.
"Peb yuav tsis ua qhov no tshwj tsis yog peb paub tseeb tias qhov no yog txoj kev daws teebmeem thoob ntiaj teb loj."
Yas qias neeg: yuav daws nws li cas?
Tam sim no, yas tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv peb lub neej, tab sis vim nws qeeb qeeb, nws tau ua rau muaj kev paug qias ib puag ncig. Yuav kom daws tau qhov teeb meem no, peb yuav tsum muaj peev xwm rov qab cov hnab yas hauv peb lub neej.
Thib ob, nrog kev tsim kho ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, tib neeg tuaj yeem nrhiav cov hauv kev los txo cov pa phem lossis tsim cov khoom siv biomaterials tshiab es tsis txhob siv cov plastics los ntawm cov kab mob me me nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej.
Tsis muaj txoj kev twg, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau ib puag ncig thiab kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg.
